SLE is a complex disease, often difficult to diagnose, as symptoms can be associated with numerous medical conditions. Common symptoms associated with lupus include general malaise, fatigue, fever, joint and muscle pain, and temporary loss of cognitive function. Joint pain, similar to rheumatoid arthritis, can be severe during flares, but is often less disabling. Heart muscle inflammation can include endocarditis and pericarditis. Lung inflammation can cause pleuritis, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hemorrhage. Renal impairment can occur with lupus nephritis, which can lead to end-stage renal failure, requiring kidney transplant. Neurological disorders are the most serious symptoms of lupus, and often occur when the central or peripheral nervous systems are affected. Neuropsychological symptoms include headache, mood fluctuations, cognitive impairment, seizures, anxiety disorders, depression and psychosis.

Clinical and laboratory evidence are essential in diagnosing lupus. The American College of Rheumatology has developed laboratory and clinical criteria to assist physicians in diagnosing and classifying stages of the disease. Laboratory tests include a complete blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Blood tests are necessary to assess kidney and liver functions. Urinalysis can show increased protein levels or red blood cells, indicative of lupus. Antinuclear antibody tests analyze the presence of antibodies produced by the immune system, a definitive marker for lupus. Chest imaging studies are effective to detect fluid or inflammation surrounding the lungs and heart. 

There is no cure for lupus. Medical treatment is focused on lessening symptoms, preventing flares, and reducing the severity of the illness. Treatment includes the administration of corticosteroids and anti-malarial drugs. Lupus nephritis requires treatment by a series of cytotoxic drugs. Anti-rheumatic drugs, in conjunction with anti-malarial drugs, are effective in reducing joint inflammation and discomfort. In severe cases, immunosuppressive agents are used to moderate and calm the immune system. Moderate to severe pain is treated with opoid medication. Lifelong treatment with narcotic medication is not unusual for patients suffering from chronic pain. Intravenous immunoglobulins may be effective in reducing antibody production in the event of organ involvement. 

Although SLE is an incurable disease, it can be effectively treated with medication. Current medical and scientific research is focused on determining causes and cures for lupus, and in extending and increasing the quality of life for patients with lupus.